@article { author = {Salehi, Kourosh and Khashi, Rahimeh}, title = {The use of lineage and its impact on creating challenges in the Islamic world (The first two centuries AH)}, journal = {International Journal of Iranian-Islamic Studies}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {55-74}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Documents and National Library of the Islamic Republic of Iran}, issn = {2322-2891}, eissn = {2717-2961}, doi = {10.30484/jii.2020.2660}, abstract = {The use of lineage and its emphasis on the clash of the views of the two Iranian and Arab societies in the first two centuries AH caused the emergence of challenges in the Islamic world and the emergence of problems in Islamic unity. This led to the production of ethnic hatred in some areas of the caliphate and in some areas to two separate mental ideas. The question of this research is based on the question that what effect did the use of lineage have on creating a crisis in the desired unity of the Islamic society? In this descriptive-analytical method of research, the importance and influence of genealogy in the thinking of Arabs, ancient Iranians and the impact of these thoughts on the early governments of Islamic Iran, which somehow followed both ideas, is discussed. The result of this study showed that one of the most important factors of dispersion and division in the Islamic world was the attention and application of lineage in the political and social structure of the fledgling Islamic society in the first two centuries AH. If the Umayyad caliphate tried with all its might to suppress and control various crises, but their tribal performance prevented the stabilization of the situation on the eve of the division and disintegration of the relatively large territory of their caliphate. Numerous military uprisings were severely suppressed during this period, but the ideological foundations of secession continued to grow at every stage. The rejection of the superiority of the Arabs by the Iranians and the non-Arabs and the insistence of the Arabs on racial prejudices, gradually promoted a spirit of pride to ancient and past ancestors. The settlement-seeking people, Tasviyya Khah, Shu'ubiyya, and the anti-Umayyad currents each engaged in a kind of theoretical confrontation with the Umayyad prejudice, which was also considered a precondition for a practical defiance of the Umayyad caliphate. Genealogy, or lineage, was considered the legitimizing factor of the government, and if there was a disturbance in it, the obedience of the people in the whole territory of the Islamic world would be in crisis. The pride and bigotry of the Arabs in boasting about their lineage, which they considered to be the highest lineage in the world, caused some settlement-seeking Muslims, to protest and because of this bigotry and stubbornness led to racial oppression in the Umayyad period, Shu'ubiyya mocked the Arab lineage and boasted of the ancient Iranian ancestors. And they did their best to show the adverse attitudes of the Arab race. The result emerged two important trends that were based on past lineages. Arabs who boasted of their racial superiority and ignorant epics and days of conquest in order to dominate non-Arabs, and so on; Non-Arabs or Arabs who, outside of this thinking, cared about a settlement point of view, increased their activities after observing the racial prejudices of the Umayyads and denied any superiority of the Arab race. This ideological schism, which was the result of distancing oneself from religious and Islamic teachings, gradually grew into a number of branches, ranging from a simple settlement to radical anti-Arab views. In the first two centuries AH, in the custom of society, the purity of blood and lineage took on a high value. Of course, the influence of the prevalence of Umayyad tribal prejudices in the entire structure of government and society, as well as the Shu'ubiyya intellectual movement, cannot be ignored in highlighting these ideas. At first, it was assumed that the Arabs had no doubt about their superior race, which in their view was full of honor, freedom and greatness, and boasted that in their ignorant period's epics they had traits such as eloquence, poetry, love, heroism and chivalry, as well as this quality that they had many struggles in the spread of Islam. Thus, they considered themselves more valuable than other Muslims and as God's chosen ones to guide other people. They saw themselves as divine agents and insisted on enduring much suffering and martyrdom in the spread of Islam, and from this perspective they considered themselves worthy of superiority, assuming it was their right to rule over others. On the other hand, exactly the opposite of this view was the discourse of "Settlement People" or Ahl al-Taswiyah, who took this kind of pride of the Arabs opposite to the original beliefs of Islam, based on the Book of God. This view had many supporters, the most important of whom, Shu'ubiyya, were after proving the superiority of the Persian race over the Arabs, making great efforts to glorify the kings of pre-Islamic Iran and narrating many accounts of justice and greatness of these kings. This cultural movement ended up rising poets and writers to power with an extreme sense of nationalism. Books they wrote began with "Kiomars" and ended with the time of its author. The poems written during this period highlighted the sense of patriotism and prejudice towards the ancient race in the minds of the people. The function of these two relatively contradictory discourses in the fate of the Islamic world caused division and distance from the unity that was the cause of power among Muslims.}, keywords = {Lineage,ignorance,Arabs,Iranians,Islamic Unity,Kharijites,Mawlawi,Shu'ubiyya}, title_fa = {کاربرد نسب و تأثیر آن در چالش‌های دو قرن نخست جهان اسلام}, abstract_fa = {کاربرد نسب و تأکید بر آن در جامعه ایرانی و عرب دو سده نخست هجری، زمینه‌هایی برای چالش ساکنان جهان اسلام با یک‌دیگر و کاهش وحدت اسلامی فراهم آورد. این کار در برخی از بخش‌های قلمرو خلافت به انزجار قومی و در شماری از مناطق آن، به دو انگاره ذهنی جدا از هم انجامید. این پژوهش با روش تاریخی، در پی پاسخ به این مسئله است که کاربرد نسب تا چه اندازه در ایجاد بحران درباره وحدت مطلوب جامعه اسلامی تأثیر گذارد؟ فرض پژوهش این است که کاربرد نسب به پیدایی چنددستگی و دیدگاه‌های گوناگون در آن جامعه انجامید؛ چنان‌که برخی از آنها به نحله‌ها و مکاتب فکری ستبری بدل شدند. دست‌آوردِ پژوهش این است که با تغییر نظام حکومتی ایران و ورود عنصر عرب به تاریخ ایران‌زمین، انتساب به قبیله‌ای نام‌دار و توان‌مند، بخشی از قدرت به شمار می‌رفت و میراثی از باور ایرانیان به نژادگی و اصالت‌مندی بود. این تعاطی آرا در تولید مناقشات بنیادین قومی بسی تأثیر گذارد؛ چنان‌که در برخی از بخش‌های قلمرو خلافت اسلامی انزجار قومی پدید آورد و به عامل تفرق در قلمرو کمابیش گسترده جهان اسلام به‌ویژه ایران‌زمین بدل گردید.}, keywords_fa = {نسب,جاهلیت,اعراب,ایرانیان,وحدت اسلامی,خوارج,موالی,شعوبیه}, url = {https://jii.nlai.ir/article_2660.html}, eprint = {https://jii.nlai.ir/article_2660_7a7f20f32adcd1d8f4d53f332120e560.pdf} }