تهران در گذر از قاجاریه به پهلوی با استناد به روزنامة خاطرات عین‌السلطنه

Tehran changed a lot from the time Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar chose it as the capital until the reign of Reza Shah. Some of these changes are reflected in the historiography of the Qajar and Pahlavi periods. Ain al-Sultaneh's diary shows these changes. With a descriptive method, this article analyzes the changes in the urban context of Tehran during the transition from the Qajar period to the Pahlavi period, and by referring to Ain al-Sultaneh's memoirs, it analyzes his views, criticisms, and suggestions regarding the city. This study showed that the changes in the urban fabric of Tehran, which started from the Naseri period, continued at a faster rate during the ministry and reign of Reza Shah. In such a way that Tehran left the traditional context and became a relatively modern city. Part of the constructions of the first Pahlavi period were necessary for the civil and cultural development of Iran. The construction of administrative buildings and banks for civil development and the creation of scientific and cultural centers such as universities, schools, and libraries were necessary for the cultural development of the country.
Introduction
With Tehran becoming the capital during the Qajar era, the city expanded and prospered. Tehran was restored three times during the Qajar period. First, by the order of Agha Mohammad Khan, the fence and new gates, the caravanserai, the citadel, and the royal palace were built, and the city expanded within the citadel and its surroundings. Then, during the time of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, gates and other buildings were built inside and around it. The third reconstruction was done during the time of Naser al-Din Shah. The outskirts of the city also expanded and a new ditch was built around the city of Tehran. The number of gates and quarters in the city increased. New streets and neighborhoods and many buildings were added to the city. During the period of Naser al-Din Shah, the streets, especially the royal citadel, were paved due to the arrival of the carriage in Tehran. Despite this, no action was taken to renovate the houses and streets of the city. The houses were still muddy and the streets were narrow and irregular. The urban fabric inside the old fence did not develop much. Due to Tehran's water pollution, unfavorable weather, and the spread of diseases, the palaces and villas of the Shah and nobles were built outside the fence.
During the period of Reza Shah, the modernization and reconstruction of Tehran gained more momentum and soon it turned from a traditional city into a relatively modern city with wide streets and large squares, and new buildings.
In this article, we want to examine the reflection of the changes in Tehran's urban fabric in the book of Ain al-Sultaneh's Memoirs and analyze the author's opinions and criticisms about these changes.
 
 
Materials and methods
  Ain al-Sultaneh's diary covers the events of 1299 to 1364 AH (1259-1324). In this book, a small part of the changes in the urban fabric of the Nazarene era is reflected. The reason is that the reconstruction of Tehran was done years before the writing of the book and the author did not witness the construction of Tehran. Of course, the author has sometimes mentioned some of Naseruddin Shah's actions. It should be mentioned that the description of such construction measures in Ain al-Sultaneh's diary sometimes takes on the color of criticism. Author of a picture of Tehran during the constitutional era
And it is presented during the time of Ahmad Shah and Seyyed Ziauddin's prime minister ship, and it accurately depicts the changes in the urban fabric of Tehran during the period of Reza Shah Pahlavi. He mentions the efforts of Reza Shah to improve the situation in Tehran and provides important information about the modernization and growth of the civil and political institutions of the country and the change in the urban fabric. The modernization of Tehran was to widen old streets and build new ones. Another manifestation of the modernization of Tehran was the construction of new urban buildings, including the construction of parks, cafes, theaters, and cinemas, although the modernization was not limited to Tehran, but included most cities. The city of Karaj near Tehran is one of the cities where many shops, government offices, and guest houses were built. Ain-ul-Sultaneh's comments about the style of city planning and construction of the Nasrid era are accompanied by criticism. While comparing Tehran with the cities that were built in the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Turkestan, he criticizes the situation of the city of Tehran. Ain-ul-Sultaneh lists some of the obstacles to the reconstruction of Tehran as the intervention of scholars and the superstition of the Shah.
Discussion of results & conclusions
The investigations showed that Ain al-Sultaneh's observations on the changes in the urban fabric of Tehran from the Qajar period to the Pahlavi period continued with great speed. In such a way that Tehran, which was a traditional city before that, gradually became a modern and big city. Ain al-Sultaneh claims that the construction of new buildings and streets and scientific and cultural centers such as schools, parks, and libraries started during the Qajar period, except for some streets and mosques and schools, other constructions had a personal aspect and the statesmen and the king had no role in its establishment. Most of the buildings were the private properties of influential people, while part of the Pahlavi period's construction measures for the construction of the national garden, or the city's park and library, had a public aspect and was built by the government for the use of all the residents of the capital. Part of the construction of the first Pahlavi period was necessary for the civil and cultural development of Iran.
The investigation showed that the effects of this development have been well reflected in the Ain al-Sultaneh diary. As an eyewitness, the author has fairly described these changes while recounting his views and criticisms. One of the important criticisms of Ain al-Sultaneh to the municipality's construction policies is the lack of a correct plan and plan for construction measures. According to him, most of the work is started without a correct plan, and at once, in the middle or at the end of the work, they regret doing it and try to fix it with more expenses. Another criticism of Ain-ul-Sultaneh on the construction measures of Tehran municipality is that such measures are limited. Pera, which is limited to only a few main streets around Pahlavi Street and important streets, and other streets and sidewalks are still in ruins and the streams are full of mud, and their stench can be felt for long distances.