مقایسة انتقادی مفهوم توحید دردو کتاب اصول کافی کلینی و الطواسین حلّاج

The author undertakes a comparative theological analysis of conceptions of tawhid in al-Kāfi by Mohammad b. Yaʿqub al‑Kolayni and Ketāb al‑ṭawāsin by Mansur al‑Hallāj. The study investigates how each text articulates divine unity and spiritual authority, situating the debate within early Imāmi and Sufi intellectual milieus. Drawing on doctrinal narrations in al-Kāfī, the Imāmi understanding of tawhid is shown to be inseparable from the doctrine of imāmate: divine transcendence is affirmed apophatically while mediated through the Imām as the privileged locus of divine knowledge, guidance, and theophanic disclosure. By contrast, Ketāb al-ṭawāsin advances a mystical metaphysics in which al-Hallāj presents himself as a direct theophanic manifestation of the divine attribute al-haqq, thereby bypassing institutional mediation. The article argues that al-Hallāj’s celebrated declaration ‘anā al-haqq is not an ecstatic utterance but a coherent theological claim grounded in a structured anthropology of annihilation (fanāʾ) and manifestation. Nevertheless, from an Imāmi perspective, the absence of imāmate renders his model theologically deficient: divine unity requires neither anthropomorphic assimilation (tashbih) nor radical abstraction (taʿtil), but recognition of the Imām as the divinely appointed hermeneutic horizon of revelation. The comparison therefore reveals not merely differing mystical vocabularies but competing epistemologies of access to God—charismatic immediacy versus divinely authorized mediation. The article concludes that the dispute over al-Hallāj’s orthodoxy ultimately concerns authority rather than metaphysical monotheism: both traditions affirm transcendence, yet diverge over who—or what—legitimately discloses it.